Les Camps de Reconcentration au Transvaal. In a run of 13 lithographs published in the July 4, 1900 issue of the French periodicalLAssiette au Beurre, the cartoonist Ren Georges Hermann-Paul was especially incisive in calling attention to this grim reality. ColumbiaMother! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 15, 1898. The turn of the century also witnessed emergence of articulate anti-imperialist voices worldwideand this movement had its own powerful wing of incisive graphic artists. The image appeared in the June 27, 1901 issue ofLAssiette au Beurreby Steinlen titled, A Vision de Hugo, 18021902. The full mural decries the bloodshed of colonial warfare in Turkey, China, and Africa. Gambone described the portraits as, a testament to the weakness of McKinley, the overarching power of Hanna, and the Trust interests that supported expansion of American business into the Pacific.. The image is ironically paired with a quote attributed to an Official Report to the War Office that says iron railing through which an electric current runs makes the healthiest and safest fences., Les Progrs de la Science (The Advances of Science). (ISSN 1961-9898). A cartoon published in May, 1899 over the caption And Peace Shall Rule offered a female angel of peace flying over a globe (turned to Asia and the Pacific) hoisted by John Bull and Uncle Sam. The caption, From the Cape to Cairo. Misery Loves Company: Parallel Colonial Wars (1899-1902). The turn-of-the-century visual record tells us otherwise. Philippines, Hawaii, Cuba, Porto Rico. A Native American reads a book upside down and a prospective Chinese pupil stands in the doorway. During the last decade of the 19th century, the antagonistic relationship between Great Britain and the United Statesrooted in colonial rebellion and heightened in territorial conflicts like the War of 1812grew into a sympathetic partnership. The racism and contempt for non-Western others that undergirds Kiplings famous poemand the civilizing mission in generalis unmistakable here. In an unprecedented alliance, the second expeditionary force was comprised of (from largest troop size to smallest) Japan, Russia, Great Britain, France, U.S., Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. She researches visual narrative and digital historiography using the visual historical record.This article was adapted from Visualizing Cultures. William!! Cartoons endorsing imperialist expansion depicted a beneficent West as father, teacher, even Santa Clausbearing the gifts of progress to benefit poor, backward, and childlike nations destined to become profitable new markets. And the third was the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China in 18991901, which led to military intervention by no less than eight foreign nations including not only Tsarist Russia and the Western powers, but also Japan. Relatively free from European rivalries and well situated to become a transoceanic partner, the U.S. was courted for the role. SHARE. China in Convulsion. In the civilization narrative, barbarians were commonly identified as the non-Western, non-white, non-Christian natives of the less-developed nations of the world. Oer The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave? New commodities also meant advances in weaponry that might give neighboring countriesin particular, Germanythe potential to strike Britain. It was to change the darkest spot in darkest Africa back again into a land flowing with milk and honey that Great Britain took over the tremendous burden of administration from the Niger Company, and sent one of its greatest ' Africans ' (Sir F. D. Lugard) with a small body of earnest men into the 'White Man's Grave. Western leaders eagerly embraced the doctrine of the white man's burden because it was a convenient justification for their expansionist policies. In an 1895Puckcartoon, A Rival Who Has Come to Stay, John Bull gapes while Uncle Sam proudly displays his prowess as Uncle Sam the Ship Builder. The U.S. Navy moved up from twelfth to fifth place in the world. Uncle Sam and his English cousin have the world between them. Here, the United States has ingested Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines. T he two main themes in The White Mans Burden are the duty and altruism of colonization, and the challenge of colonization. His biblical title, which came from Matthew 4:16 (The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light), picked up on many pro-imperialist themes of the times. Heine provided Simplicissimus with what has become a justly famous image: an armed knight, representing the West, pours a torrent of blood over Asia, while his sword drips blood on Africa. Europeans often held racist ideas of their own superiority to those in foreign lands. Original publication of Rudyard Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden.McClures Magazine, February, 1899 (Vol. Source:Wikimedia. "'The White Man's Burden' and Its Critics" Jim Zwick is an American Studies scholar and author of Confronting Imperialism: Essays on Mark Twain and the Anti-Imperialist League and Mark Twain's Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the Philippine-American War, as well as numerous book chapters and journal and magazine articles about the Anti-Imperialist Lasting from June 20 to August 14, 1900, the siege was the catalyst for a rescue mission by the Allied forces of eight major world powers. (The exception would be Manchuria, alternating between Russian and Japanese control in the coming years.) Vol. Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture., Twain, Mark. On the magazines cover for August 8, 1900, the familiar feminized and godlike personification of the West points at a slavering dragon, labeled Boxer, crawling over the wall of the capital city. An exclamation point was added to the phrase, The White (!) On June 21 the Empress Dowager Cixi declared war on the Allied nations. Thompson, Roger R. Reporting the Taiyuan Massacre fromThe Boxers, China, andthe World. Maineexploded and sank in the harbor at Havana. To maintain its position in the international balance of power, Britain needed allies. Expert Help. [View Extract]. Literature follows, holding the text of Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden. Music plays an organ labeled Two Step SymphonyDollar Mark Forever. Behind Music comes Sculpture, holding up a monument to a war hero. 12, Issue 1, pp. The burgeoning mass media helped promote jingoistic foreign policies by printing disparaging depictions of barbarous-looking natives from countries benevolently assimilated by the U.S. A brash Uncle Sam was shown coming under the wing of the older, more experienced empire builder, John Bull. One cannot imagine a blunter caption than the one that accompanied his 1900 cartoon forJudge: And, after all, the Philippines Are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. In Flohris image, Uncle Samheavily laden with steel, railroads, bridges, farm equipment, and the likegives a cursory nod to the spread of civilization by grasping a book titled Education and Religion. The confident giant is greeted with open arms by a diminutive yellow-clad Chinese mandarin. The imperialist rhetoric of civilization versus barbarism that took root during these years was reinforced in both the United States and England by a small flood of political cartoonscommonly executed in full color and with meticulous attention to detail. Missionaries preaching the Gospel in rural China violated local religious practices. 77-99 (2011). China, shown gripping a schoolbook in the doorway, has not yet entered the scene. Commodore Deweys victory in Manila Bay in May not only paved the way for U.S. conquest of the Philippines, but also provided a valuable naval base for U.S. fleets in the Pacific. Appelbaum, Stanley. Priests Horribly Tortured. In mid 1899,Lifepublished this chilling view of the war in the Philippines that was to drag on for several more years. The word Civilization (with a capital C), alongside Progress, was counterposed against the words barbarism, barbarians, and barbarity, with accompanying visual stereotypes. The following year,Lifecartoonist William H. Walker evoked the horror of the Allied intervention in China in a graphic captioned, Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. A Chinese man falls off his chair, the Bible at his feet, laughing at Uncle Sams duplicity in preaching Christianity while showing a bloody panorama of Allied soldiers executing and marauding on a screen. The small print under this graphic quoted these lines from McKinleys speech: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers., William! A scrawny female figure in the background appears to be a skull-faced depiction of Britannia, grown thin and solitary through endless pursuit of war. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. The second was the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines that began in 1899. 2 vols. From 1899 to 1902, the U.S. and Great Britain each became mired in colonial wars that were more vicious and long-lasting than expected. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut, states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be., Is this Imperialism? And the political cartoons of the timesubjective, emotional, ideological, highly politicized and at the same time, politically diversifiedconvey this complexity with unparalleled sophistication and intensity. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. Lifes satire of the white mans burden mystique offers a procession of the supporters of the new imperialism beginning with missionaries and ending with the traveling salesman. Our Civilized Heathen asks what is civilized and who are the heathen. Allied troops departed Tianjin for Beijing on August 4. 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